See trūēn on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "trūwian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: trūwian\nMiddle English: truwien, truwen, trouwen, trouen, trowen\nEnglish: trow\nScots: trow",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: trūwian\nMiddle English: truwien, truwen, trouwen, trouen, trowen\nEnglish: trow\nScots: trow"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*trūwia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *trūwia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *trūwia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "trjouje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: trjouje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: trjouje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "trouje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: trouje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: trouje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "trūōn",
"3": "trūoian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: trūōn, trūoian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: trūōn, trūoian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "trûwen",
"3": "truwen",
"4": "trouwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: trûwen, truwen, trouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: trûwen, truwen, trouwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "truen",
"3": "troen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: truen, troen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: truen, troen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*trūen",
"3": "trūon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *trūen, trūon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *trūen, trūon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "truwen",
"3": "trouwen",
"4": "trauwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen, trauwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen, trauwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "trouwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: trouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: trouwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "trūēn",
"3": "trūwēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: trūēn, trūwēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: trūēn, trūwēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "trūwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: trūwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: trūwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trauen"
},
"expansion": "German: trauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: trauen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*trūjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *trūjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*drew-o",
"5": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *drew-o",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տրամ",
"3": "",
"4": "firm, solid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *trūjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *drew-o, suffixed form of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”). See *trūwāną (“to trust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*trūēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/trūēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to trust"
],
"id": "en-trūēn-gmw-pro-verb-wN5g6xm3",
"links": [
[
"trust",
"trust"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "trūēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "trūwian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: trūwian\nMiddle English: truwien, truwen, trouwen, trouen, trowen\nEnglish: trow\nScots: trow",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: trūwian\nMiddle English: truwien, truwen, trouwen, trouen, trowen\nEnglish: trow\nScots: trow"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*trūwia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *trūwia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *trūwia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "trjouje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: trjouje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: trjouje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "trouje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: trouje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: trouje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "trūōn",
"3": "trūoian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: trūōn, trūoian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: trūōn, trūoian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "trûwen",
"3": "truwen",
"4": "trouwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: trûwen, truwen, trouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: trûwen, truwen, trouwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "truen",
"3": "troen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: truen, troen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: truen, troen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*trūen",
"3": "trūon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *trūen, trūon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *trūen, trūon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "truwen",
"3": "trouwen",
"4": "trauwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen, trauwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen, trauwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "trouwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: trouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: trouwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "trūēn",
"3": "trūwēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: trūēn, trūwēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: trūēn, trūwēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "trūwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: trūwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: trūwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trauen"
},
"expansion": "German: trauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: trauen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*trūjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *trūjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*drew-o",
"5": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *drew-o",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տրամ",
"3": "",
"4": "firm, solid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *trūjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *drew-o, suffixed form of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”). See *trūwāną (“to trust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "trūē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trūēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "trū?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*trūēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/trūēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Trust"
],
"glosses": [
"to trust"
],
"links": [
[
"trust",
"trust"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "trūēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for trūēn meaning in All languages combined (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.